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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.China Factory Polymers PAM Flocculant. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Best Selling Football Goal Soccer Hand Flag for Sale
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.164cm Love Doll Sex Xxx Japan Sex 18

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ABSTRACT

New House Designs Best Selling Luxury Modern Chandeliers Pendant Lighting Manufacturers (OM88013)-Iron Sponge Metal Pot Scourers for Kitchen Cleaning. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,30ml SPA Shampoo Cosmetic Plastic Bottles,80kw Electric Generator AC Three Phase 100kva Generator, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Pop up Rotating LED Watch Display Floor Cake TV Stand-Packing Egg Tray and Lids Thermoforming Machine,Monocular BS-2000A Biological Microscope,P3 P6 HD Full Color Rental SMD LED Panel Display, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Armored Thermoplastic Straight Plugs UL Thermoplastic Rubber Straight Plugs 15A 20A 30A. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Fireproof Aluminum Curtain Wall Panel-Original Samsung Battery Electric 2 Wheel Balance Scooter.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

PPGI Corrugated Steel, PPGI Sheet, Prepainted Steel Coil Supplier-Aromacare New Portable HVAC System Essential Oil Diffuser. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Tc Roll Ring for Rebar Steel Tungsten Carbide Roll Ring Combined Roll Ring-Aromacare New Portable HVAC System Essential Oil Diffuser.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Custom Cheap Houseware China High Quality 2019 Newly Design Plastic Bucket Mould Injection Moulding, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Custom Tank Top Girl Energetic Orange Sets Workout Outfits Sportswear for Women(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Medeco Veterinary Animal X-ray Vet Digital Radiography System Vet1600,Mechanical Bar Screen⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,10mm 11mm 12mm Modern Decorative Customized Colors Edge Tile Trim for Corners, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,China Supplier Transparent Flex PVC Steel Wire Hose Pipe-use surgical gowns. Thus,White Marble Top Coffee Table with Metal Legs-laced non-Ca Fire Automatic Mini Fast Response Steel Ball Fire Truck Stress Ball Afo Fire Ball Fire Fight Bal Fire Ball Automatic Fire Ball, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Self Adhesive Fireproof Mylar Aluminum Foil Tape, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Military Camelback Hydration Pack Wholesale Camo Hydration Pack 3L Bladder,Luxury Christmas Gift Rose Gold Glass Candle Jar with Wooden Lids for Home Decoration. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Electric Semi Automatic Box Strapping Machine. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Full Automatic Chocolate Holding Tank with Water Jacket-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

High Precision Aluminum CNC Precision Milling Machining Parts. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Cabinext American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft-Closed Hinge Glide- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,SFP+ Fiber Optic Module / Transceiver Module 40g, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.PP Non Woven Breathable Surgical Antibacterial Activated Carbon Face Mask, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Shuttering Formwork Building Material Indoor Melamine Environmental Protection Poplar Film Faced Plywood for Construction) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Wholesale Men Women Unisex Custom Logo Black/White/Grey/Yellow/Blue/Red Solid Plain Blank Pullover Hoodie-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Catalyst Case for iPhone 11 11PRO 11PRO Max Heavy Duty 10FT Drop Proof Truss Cushioning System Rotating Mute Switch Toggle Compatible with Wireless Charging-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Kiosk for Vending Food and Juice's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Carbon Steel Gi Iron Binding Wire Galvanized Wire.2019 Customized Factory Lowest Price Blowing Moulding for Pet Preform Mould(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Dewatering Screen Panel. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)-Factory Price Multilayer PCB Board/PCB Manufacturer/Suppliers/Factory. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Manganese Casting Nordberg Mettso Sandvik Spare Concave Cone Crusher Parts.Wholesale SS304/316 Drop Forged DIN582 Stainless Steel Ring Lifting Eye Nuts, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Disposable Medical IV Infusion Set with Butterfly Needle Parts.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).1450mm*80mm Stable Power Laser Tube% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Stock 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Machining Center CNC Milling Lathe Machine, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.RFID PVC Card Tk4100 Smart Business Card. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Automatic Thermal Gap Filler Dispensing Machine(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Top Quality Toilet Tissue Paper Making Machine, Toilet/ Tissue/Napkin Folding Paper Machine (The first in the world)-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Double Side Printable PVC Tarpaulin Material Factory Supply-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Customized Metal Brand Name Engraved Logo Label, Design Rectangle Metal Accessories Plate for Handbags-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inWhite Paper Hang Tag Men Clothing Swing Tag Printed Hang TagandHot Sell Best Price Qt4-24b Vibrated Block Making Machine.

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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Vacuum Forming Super Clear Pet Sheet Plastic Products.

As shown inLivestock Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Bag Cotton]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [PLC Control High Quality Galvanized Steel Downspot Water Pipe Roll Forming Machine]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:China Digital Rectangle Illuminated LED Light Bathroom Mirror with Digital Clock for Bedroom Hotel Wholesale[En124 A15-D400 Round Cast Iron Sanitary Sewer Manhole Cover and Frame]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [En Standard 3000 Series Aluminum Coiled Tubing 3003 3103 for Refrigerator]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Automatic Spray Painting Line for 3c Products]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [High-Power High-Performance Outdoor Waterproof 300W Round LED Stadium Lights]

8. Leonas KK.Modern Home Hotel Apartment Living Room TV Cabinet Furniture. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [AG-900b Portable Hospital Injection Puncture Instrument Syringe Pump]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:2018 Hot Selling LED Pendant Ceiling Light Fixture, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Igeelee Crimper  Tool Ags-1/2 & 3/4]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:2018 Hot Selling LED Pendant Ceiling Light Fixture, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:High Quality Factory-Made 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer[Plastic Bottle Tomato Sauce Blow Moulding Machine]