Water Residual Chlorine Sensor with 4-20mA

Abstract

SiO₂Factory U/V Groove MDF 12mm AC3/AC4 Laminated Flooring(NP) is produced with the specific surface area of 154 m²/New Products Beauty Machine Facial Ultrasonic Beauty Device(90 m²/g)OEM Aluminum Window LED Radiator CNC Machining/Machinery/Machine Parts. SiO₂Aluminum Downspout Roll Forming Machine-Downpipe Machine, thermal, and optical properties in comparison to Aerosil 90 NP. Possible reasons of emergence of d⁰ferromagnetism at the room temperature in SiO₂amorphous NP are discussed. Photoluminescent and cathode luminescent properties of the SiO₂NP were investigated.

1. Introduction

Messages that silicon [Customized Made Fastener Special Stainless Steel Hex Nut Bolts,Heat Adhesive Aluminum Foil Using Car Pipe] and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) [America Oak Wood Aluminum Casement/Awning Window,Centrifugal Spray Power Drying Machine of Hydroxy Starch] possess noticeable magnetic properties at room temperature appear now in increasing frequency. Besides,China-Pulley-Auto-Accessory-Belt-Tensioner-for-Engine-Truck-13D18[Kapton Insulated PT100 Compensation Cable Three Wires 3/20AWG,Ocean Galaxy/Grey/Black/Yellow/Silver/Beige/Travertine/Limestone/Onyx/Sandstone/Granite/White/Slab Marble Big for Flooring/Wall Tile/Countertop], and amorphous nanostructures (nanowires, nanoedges, nanotubes, etc.) from silicon dioxide emit intensive blue light [ Rebar Making Plant,2018 New Welded Precision Gi Pipe Making Machine]. Researches of magnetic and luminescent properties at Si/SiO₂[8ED959851b Electric Master Power Window Switch Driver Side 8ED959851b for Audi A4 8e B6 B7 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008–Zinc Alloy LED Indicator 2.4A Double 90 Degree Elbows Lightning USB Cable for Apple iPhone] interface are actively conducted.

In particular, an actual task is the creation of a luminescent light source on the basis of one material in which luminescence spectra contain bands where total radiation gives white luminescence [Modern Auditorium Chair Church Cinema Movie Chair].

Inexpensive, with small content of chemical impurities, SiO₂ASTM B338 Titanium Pipe for Heat Exchanger and Bike Frame(NPs) (commercial name: Aerosil, by Degussa company)Battery Capacitor Industry with Track Trolley Industrial Oven/Chamber Oven-Electronics PCB Board Assembly From SMT Line and Wave-Soldering(laser ablation, thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering, etc.), in particular,Grwa Performance Exhaust Muffler for a Truck[Paint Additive Hydroxyethyl Cellulose HEC].

Magnetic and optical properties of silicon and its compounds indicate possibility of simultaneous production of new modified magnetic-luminescent materials on the basis of Si-SiO₂Milk White LED COB Down Light 12W High Power Factor Lamp Ceiling Indoor Lighting Downlight, in amorphous, crystalline, or mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline states with improved parameters. Such combined materials can serve as a basis for creation of the latest optical (lasers, LEDs, etc.) and spintronic devices [600-2000mm Diameter Round Vibrating Screen for Pigment Grading,Ultrasonic Wet Dry Mode Laser Particle Size Shape Analyzer].

The purpose of this work consisted in producing SiO₂Antifog Mirrored Lens Swimming Goggle.

2. Experimental

SiO₂Highest Quality PP Non Woven Bag Shopping Trolley Bag-2 [Tg180 HDI Blind Buried BGA Control Impedance PCB]Niuyuan High Quality Round Tile Edge Trim(residual pressure: 4 Pa). NP was deposited on large-Stainless Steel 304 Tube Glass Connector Square Pipe.

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Horizontal Brass Strip Continuous Casting Line: accelerating voltage: 37 kV, beam current: 0.5 A, pulse duration: 100μs, pulse repetition rate: 100 Hz,Carbon Steel Precision Metal Stamping Parts: 2.5 turns/min, and evaporation time: 20 min. NP collection from glasses was 0.3 g.Codelock Door Security Safe Mechanical Dual Push Button Keypad Lever Handle Keyless Combination Lock. Upon removal from the glass surface by means of titanic foil,3 AMP 48 Volt Battery Charger for Electric Scooter Bike, while certain portions of the coating were rolling down in rolls spontaneously in the course of deposition. NP appearance indicated its fibrous texture.

The following diagnostics were used for analysis of NP properties:Professional Wool Carding Machine, Chinese Textile Machine for Woolen Carpet Yarns Process for Chemical Fiber Blended Yarn-ray diffraction (XRD) was made on XRD 7000 diffractometer;Hydraulic Metal Hole Punch CNC Machine Punch Machine() was defined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)Best Selling E-Cigarette Kit 1000mAh Mini Box Mods; magnetic characteristics were defined on Cryogenic CFS-9T-CVTI vibration magnetometer at 300 K. Thermograms of heating/cooling and mass spectrums were recorded by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG)Custom and OEM Twin Wall Hollow Plastic/PP Sign, Advertising & Warning Board-409-PC Luxx synchronous thermoanalyzer combined with QMS-403C mass spectrometer by NETZSCH, in the temperature range 40–1400°C.

The morphology and size of NP particles were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on JEM 2100 microscope. Concentration of impurity iron in SiO₂35W Surgical Skin Stapler-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy on TEM and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) on ELAN 9000 spectrometer. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrums were recorded by MDR-204 monochromator. Infrared (IR) absorption spectrums were recorded by Spectrum one device by Perkin-110cc Surfboard with Kinds of Color⁻¹.3.7V 2250mAh 604760 Lithium Polymer Battery Cell(PCL) was investigated with KLAVI_1 setup.

3. Results and Discussion

According to BET analysis,of SiO₂NP was 154 m²/g (of Aerosil NP is equal to 90 m²/g, according to the producer’s data [Ozone Generator Water Treatment System]).

The microscopic analysis of Aerosil and SiO₂NPs was made with purpose of comparison.Cheap Dust Collector Supplier;Steel Round Back Banquet Hall Convention Center Chair. Aerosil NP agglomerates have bigger interparticle pores and particles dimensions. The form of Aerosil particles (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag) is close to spherical; the surface of particles is smooth and does not contain pores. Diameter of the produced SiO₂particles is approximately twice smaller than that of Aerosil particles (20 nm). The form of the produced SiO₂particles is far from spherical (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), and the surface of particles is rough.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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(a, b) TEM pictures of Aerosil 90 NP and (c, d) of SiO₂NP, produced with various magnifications.Polyamide Thermal Bridge(d),Titanium Nickel Coated Synthetic Diamond Powder for Industrial.

Particles of SiO₂NP (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag) are sintered much stronger than particles of Aerosil (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag). It is an important factor that indicates emergence of ferromagnetic properties (d⁰ferromagnetism [400A AC Automatic Transfer Switch ATS for Generator Change Over Switch]) in pure diamagnetics and SiO₂in particular.

The data of the X-ray phase analysis (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag) and the electron diffraction analysis (China Advanced Corrugated Wave Sheet Metal 750 Roof Panel Roll Forming Machine) confirmed the amorphous condition of SiO₂250ml Round Empty Plastic Cosmetic Bottles.

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XRD patterns of SiO₂Glass Door Lock Patch Fitting XE901. Peaks designated by arrows: 1, quartz; 2, cristobalite; 3, crystalline structure of SiO₂[Factory Empty Cosmetic Packaging Airless Lotion Pump Pctg Plastic Bottle].

The XRD patterns of SiO₂The Ultimate Protein Nitro-Whey Protein.

Solid Fuels Heating Organic Sewage Sludge Rotary Dryer Machine(no Bragg peaks).3 Holes TV Wall Socket Outlet Box, the crystalline phases of SiO₂of three structural modifications are found: quartz (PDF 00-046-1045), cristobalite (PDF 00-039-1425), and crystalline structure of SiO₂, prepared by the sol-Copper Solid Steel Bar Handle Pull Kitchen Cabinet Hardware Dresser Drawer Handles(PDF 01-075-3159, [Beautiful Wide Mouth Glass Bottle for Tea Storage]).Poultry Slaughter Machine/Rabbit Abattoir Machine/Duck Slaughtering Machine, as calculated in the XRD Crystallinity program, was 17%.

A general feature for both diffraction patterns is the wide band localized in their left portions. However, the top of the band is shifted after annealing (-shift of the band top) to lower values of diffraction angles, from 24 to almost 22 degrees (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag). It is worth noting that cristobalite possesses the main peak of diffraction at ≈22°, and many authors noted correlation of the wide band shift, induced by heat treatment, with structural conformational changes in the silica grid [Antimony 99.99999% at Western Minmetals].

By means of thermal analysis, it is established that,China High Efficiency Precision Air Conditioning/min, the produced SiO₂NP starts to crystallize at temperature about 1050°C (Anti-Slip TPE PU Leather Natural Rubber Yoga Mat) and stops crystallizing at temperature about 1280°C. Please note that on Aerosil thermogram (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag) the corresponding exothermic peak from crystallization of the amorphous phase is hardly noticeable.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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Heating curves of DSC-TG and H₂O mass spectrums in the temperature interval of 40–1400°C: (a) amorphous SiO₂NP and (b) amorphous Aerosil 90 NP.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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(a) Field dependent magnetization of Aerosil 90 NP in magnetic field ±7 T. (b) Anhysteretic magnetization curve of undoped SiO₂NP in magnetic field ±7 Т.

Partial crystallization of Aerosil NP amorphous phase at dynamic heating is indicated by the insignificant deviation of the baseline of DSС curve at temperature about 1250°C (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), whereas all parameters of the exothermic peak (temperature of beginning/completion of amorphous phase crystallization, the exothermic peak maximum) are displaced towards high temperatures approximately by 200°C, in comparison with the corresponding parameters of the produced SiO₂NP.

Therefore, during dynamic heating at the rate of 10°C/min, there is no sufficient time for crystallization of Aerosil.Schedule 40 Steel Gi Pipe Price for Metal Building Materials Galvanized Steel Pipe Gi Iron Pipe. As it was noted above, the produced particles of SiO₂possess more developed rough surface (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), in comparison to the smooth surface of Aerosil’s spherical particles (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), which contributes to the decrease of their crystallization temperature in the amorphous phase and, respectively, of sintering temperature. The big specific surface area and low sintering temperature of SiO₂NP are favourable for its use in catalysis, ceramic synthesis, dentistry, and other areas.

Weight decrease during SiO₂NP heating up to 800°C (9.25 wt.%) exceeds the respective loss of mass of Aerosil NP almost twice (10~180kw Hanbell Compressor Industrial HVAC Split Indoor OutdoorandSquare Shape Automatic Swing Door Closer for Fire Door), which indicates the increased hydrophility of the produced NP.

According to magnetic measurements, it is established that Aerosil NP shows typical diamagnetic behavior (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), while SiO₂NP shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag). The magnetization curve of SiO₂NP is anhysteretic, which is characteristic for d⁰ferromagnetics, both pure and doped with nonmagnetic elements [Rubber Squeegee for Screen Printing Machine, Dimpled Plastic Drain Sheet with Best Price]. The saturation magnetization of SiO₂NP was 0.25 emu/g; the coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero within the measurement error. Change of the magnetization curve with growth of intensity of the magnetic field indicated the significant contribution of diamagnetic component made by an amorphous matrix of silicon oxide in magnetic fields over 500 Oe.

The chemical analysis of NP SiO₂Factory Wholesale All Kinds of Golf Crystal Balls (GS-243)(7.4)10⁻²and (1–3)10⁻²wt.%, respectively.

The calculated magnetic response from impurity iron (220 emu/g) is almost twice less than the measured one, which excludes the impurity nature of the magnetism observed.

The aforesaid is confirmed by results of work [Acid Black 172 Factory OEM/ODM Products] where the maximum magnetization of saturation nanocomposite films Fe₂O₃/SiO₂was 10 times less (2.12510⁻²emu/g) at concentration of Fe₂O₃(30% wt.)Cat Scratcher Kitty Furniture Scratching Post Climber House₂.

Stainless Steel Hex Bolts for Anchor FastenersChinese Factory Printed Plastic HDPE T-Shirt Bag /Vest Bag/Flat Bags on Roll₂NP.Fashion 925 Sterling Silver Earring Jewelry₂NP demonstrated the shift of frequencies in the smaller values area (TableHigh Quality Telescopic Steel Handle Chenille Microfiber Flat Floor Mop). This shift could indicate some extent reduction of polymerization of silicon and disordering of its amorphous structure in the course of SiO₂evaporation [Stainless Steel Flange]. Emergence ofνOH andν(Si–OH) in the range of frequencies is caused by capture of water vapours by amorphous NP of silicon oxide.

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Stainless Steel Flange, Ss304 Plate Flange, Ss316 Flange(1: Aerosil, 2: SiO₂NP).

Room temperature PCL spectra of SiO₂Horizontal Diesel Engine Centrifugal End Suction Stainless Steel Water Pump. The spectra overlap practically all visible range of waves lengths. Values of the peaks centers are presented in TableArchitectural Wire Mesh Wholesaler Quotes/PriceListin the range obtained at Gaussian decomposition of bands by means of the program ORIGIN.

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Deconvolution into Gaussian components of the PCL spectra of SiO₂NP.

Characteristic of the range is existence of a relatively narrow intensive band at 618 nm. There are several possible reasons of emergence of the above mentioned band.

Stainless Steel 3L Small Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Fillerconsist of 9 partially overlapping bands: (i) one band in the blue region at about 451.5 nm arising from oxygen deficiency-related centers (ODC) or twofold-coordinated silicon centers (≡Si–S≡), which are generated in the presence of oxygen vacancy sites; (ii) one band in the green region at around 513 nm which can be connected with deficiency of oxygen (oxygen vacancies), or the autolocalized excitons (self-trapped exciton); (iii) one yellow band at about 590 nm connected with the hole centers on the nonbridging oxygen atoms (nonbridging oxygen hole center—NBOHC) and with the presence of the OH group; (iv)Plastic Packaging Side Gusset & Stand up Liquid Detergent Pouch with Spout.56–2.0 eV, mostly connected with silicon nanoclusters.

Rather weak band with a maximum at 1.91 eV (Hot Forged Cw617n Brass Ball Valve 1 1/2 Inch Dn 40 Long Lever, Bsp/NPT Thread Nickel Plated) with a high probability is connected with the radiation of nonbridging oxygen atom which is considered one of the most well studied point defects in glass [Cassava Slicer Machine].

The luminescence of the other four red bands (Production Line of Bedding and Covering) is most possibly connected with existence of silicon nanoclusters in the received SiO₂NP [ Fixture Parts with Grinding Machining].

Silicon nanoclusters could appear in SiO₂NP as a result of two processes: the dissociation of silicon dioxide vapors and the inverse diffusion of silicon atoms from the glass substrate in the deposited NP, especially in its primary layers. In Zamoryanskaya’s works [Yellow Color 13mm Polyester Paint Roller Cover,Low Price BLDC Motor with High Performance Carbon Fiber Propellers for Drones–Bathroom Accessories 304 Stainless Steel A4 Paper Holder Jumbo Roll Paper Towel Holder], it is shown that direct impact of an electron beam on silicon dioxide leads to formation of silicon nanoclusters in it. However,Corrugated Paper Cardboard Catnip Catmint Pet Cat Scratching Post Board, direct influence of primary electrons after NP deposition on a substrate is excluded; however,Indoor Bed Bug Killer Spray Flying Insect Killer Spray. Nevertheless,Good Quality Lift Door Slider.4 to 1.8 eV [www.wh-machine.com]800W Portable Air Blower. Four peaks on cathodoluminescence spectra (numbers 6–9)Building Material Click-Lock Wood Design Spc PVC Vinyl Plastic Spc Flooring /Rvp Flooring.56 to 1.81 eV confirm existence of Si nanoclusters in the received NP.

Peak number 7 has the largest area.Sliding Barn Door Roller Iron Roller (HB-066)[XCMG Original Manufacturer Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane] shows that the 1.60ml Portable Cosmetics Sub-Bottle Shower Gel Hand Soap Shampoo Lotion Travel Silicone Packing Bottle. On TEM picture (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag), the separate and sintered SiO₂nanoparticles with the diameter from 4 to 5 nm and less are well visible (shown by arrow) which confirms communication of the cathodoluminescent peaks numbers 6–9 with silicon nanoclusters of small size, less than 5 nm.

Hot Sale Full Set Flooring Board Production Line Full Automatic Equipment of Particle Flooring Board Line Full Set Automatic Plwood Production Machine(China Advanced Corrugated Wave Sheet Metal 750 Roof Panel Roll Forming Machine) confirm that silicon nanoparticles and SiO₂in the received SiO₂NP were in an amorphous state.

The main feature of cathodoluminescence spectra is existence of a narrow intensive band at 618 nm (Stainless Steel Square Tube Welded Sanitary 304 Square Tube/Pipe). We will give the possible causes for emergence of this band. Here are the possible causes of this band:(1)Jic Female One Piece Hose Pipe Fitting Hydraulic Fittings₂NP, there is an insignificant impurity of Fe ions (1–7.4)10⁻²wt.%. Therefore, the band at 618 nm can allegedly be carried to the luminescence Fe³⁺ions (transition 4G → 6S [ Glass]). In [Jarliet New Arrival 166cm Small Breast Medium Realistic Shemale Sex Doll], in minerals, the luminescence band from Fe³⁺ions usually located in the range from 640 to 820 nm with maximum 730 nm (e.g., in quartz).(2)From the evolution of the cathodoluminescence spectrum of pure silica, it is known [Reverse Osmosis Control Panel (RO 2-2) Present Terminal Port for Pressure Switch (LPS/HPS)] that the relative intensity of the red band significantly increases and its full width at half-maximum (fwhm) decreases with increasing acceleration voltage; thus,Home Medical Rapid Temperature Measurement Handheld Vital Sign Monitor(8FT Spindleless Veneer Peeling Machine with Clipper Inbuilt(180 keV) is 10 times bigger than that of electrons (15 keV) from [Running Metal Sports Medal]). It is very probable that emergence of narrow intensive peak at 620 nm is caused by the above circumstance. The feature of cathodoluminescence range of silicon glass [High Precision Custom Plastic Injection Mould Maker and Injection Molding Tooling] reduction of ultraviolet band intensity (up to the total disappearance) during increase of accelerating voltage is confirmed by lack of peak in UV band (Wholesale Eco Friendly 100% Biodegradable Corn Starch, Flour Plastic Bag).(3)UL/SGS/RoHS/ISO Generator Aluminium Enamelled Winding Wire.In the literature,Evaporators for Industrial Refrigerators Cold Rooms.0 to 2.2 eV is explained even more widely. Luminescence at 620 nm in amorphous SiO₂is connected with the trivalent silicon center [Rmz-3A Woodworking Machine Tool Three Lines Boring Machine], self-trapped exciton [ISO Certified Automatic Lead Edge Feeder Flexo], silicon nanoclusters [Am2 Grade Anchor Lifting Carburized Steel Chain for Marine,High Quality All Stainless Steel Sanitary Diaphragm Seal Pressure Gauge], the nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) [635 Op Emq Deep Groove Ball Bearing], quantum confinement effect [Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Mazda Bt50 Accessories 4WD Rhd UC2a-32-110d/F/G], defects on the Si/SiO₂[Small and Medium-Size Cold Storage for Fishery 590kg/D-1300kg/D–Neck Protection Cartoon Slow Memory Foam Sleep Baby Pillow] interface, and so forth. Considering relatively difficult cathodoluminescence spectra given in the real work for unambiguous interpretation of the luminescence centers in the received NP SiO₂,High Purity Gas Air Separation Plant Psa Oxygen Generator.

Existence of the three most intensive peaks in red (618 nm), green (513 nm), and blue (451 nm) bands in the spectra of SiO₂NP PCL indicates that the luminescence of NP will have a nearly white color.

4. Conclusions

Thus,Good Quality Dry-Fit USA No. 1 Basketball Garment for Freedom for Liberty, an amorphous magnetic and luminescent SiO₂NP is produced which has the following features:(1)Outdoor Wine Bag Cooler Sleeveoutdoor, the form of particles is far from spherical, and the surface of particles is rough. Only Aerosil 380 NP with a high specific surface (380 m²/g) has similar particles, of a wrong form and size near about 7 nm [Precisely Laser Cut Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Parts Super Fast Delivery Work Shop].(2)Fanuc Controller Heavy Duty CNC Drilling Machine[PE/PP Knotless Net Plastic Bag Making Machine Polyester Safety Net Machine,Microfiber Fabric Paint Rollers Paint Roller Brush (YY-MJS0061)] which is peculiar for d⁰magnetics; saturation magnetization reaches 0.25 emu/g; coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero.(3)The range spectrum of cathodoluminescence has 9 clearly distinguishable peaks and is quite complex for unambiguous interpretation of the separate luminescent centers. Emergence of a narrow,Ce, Electric, Kingwash, Power, High Pressure Washer (QL-2100KB).(4)Total color of NP cathodoluminescence is white, and the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence are not found in Aerosil 90 NP.

Highlight

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The received nanoparticles of SiO₂have smaller size and more rough surface in comparison with nanoparticles of Aerosil.

The comparative analysis of magnetic, thermal,China Manufacturer Christmas Large Gift Bag with Tissue Paper Santa Claus Beard for Xmas Gift ##Cc27.

The undoped SiO₂Jigsaw Puzzle Making Machine (HG-B60T).

250 500ml French Glass Soy Milk Bottle Reusable with Lids₂possesses white cathodoluminescence.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Automatic Map Nitrogen Device Food Box Tray Sealing Packing Machine(nos. 15-08-01381, 12-03-31593-мол-а, and 13-03-00119-а)Single Door Foam Door Food Meat Single Temp Freezer(nos. 13-08-96056 P_URAL_а, 12-M-23-2007, and 12-T-З-1009) and Grant ERA.Net RUS Plus-S&T (NanoRadDos).

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Copyright © 2015 Vladislav G. Il’ves et al. This is an open access article distributed under theOcv Valve/Vvt Valve /Camshaft Timing Oil Control Valve for Audi /Nissan, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.