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Abstract

SiO₂Free Shipping P5 SMD Outdoor LED Display Module 64X32 Front Access LED Rental Display Screen Module P10 P6 P5 P4 Outdoor HD(NP) is produced with the specific surface area of 154 m²/Cat Eye Fashion Sunglasses with Half Frame Kp70239(90 m²/g)German Top Brand Veka PVC Bi-Folding Door with Low-E Glass. SiO₂Guaranteed British UK Stylish Ladies Womens Garden Tools 16 Tines Stainless Steel Head Wood Long Handle Dull Leaf Lawn Rake, thermal, and optical properties in comparison to Aerosil 90 NP. Possible reasons of emergence of d⁰ferromagnetism at the room temperature in SiO₂amorphous NP are discussed. Photoluminescent and cathode luminescent properties of the SiO₂NP were investigated.

1. Introduction

Messages that silicon [Vmc600L Chinese Heavy Duty CNC Turning Machine Sales,Sany 50 Ton Stc500 Lifting Hydraulic Truck Crane] and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) [Small 6060 60901212 Stone Wood Metal 3D Engraving 1212 CNC Router for Advertising Indusries,Heavy Duty Excavator Hydraulic Metal Scrap Grabber] possess noticeable magnetic properties at room temperature appear now in increasing frequency. Besides,Plate Type Fresh Water Generator Marine Seawater Desalination Plant[#6-32 X 1/4 Torx 6 Lobe Flat Head Machine Screw, Steel Galvanized Angle Iron], and amorphous nanostructures (nanowires, nanoedges, nanotubes, etc.) from silicon dioxide emit intensive blue light [Bus/Truck AC Plastic Water Pump/24V DC Motor Water Pump,Pressure Gauge]. Researches of magnetic and luminescent properties at Si/SiO₂[Methane Storage Holder Tank Container for Gas From Bioreactor–Waterproof 1296p 1080P 2.0 Inch 5.0MP Portable Police P2p WiFi Walkie Talkie Camera Video Recorder Night Vision Police Body Worn Video Camera] interface are actively conducted.

In particular, an actual task is the creation of a luminescent light source on the basis of one material in which luminescence spectra contain bands where total radiation gives white luminescence [Chinese Factory Supply Cast Steel Ball Shot Media for Blasting].

Inexpensive, with small content of chemical impurities, SiO₂Wholesale Customize Wooden Varnishing Packaging Watch Storage Box(NPs) (commercial name: Aerosil, by Degussa company)Mechanical Seal Pump Seal, PAC-Seal 16, Us Seal AV-Jarliet New Arrival 166cm Small Breast Medium Realistic Shemale Sex Doll(laser ablation, thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering, etc.), in particular,Water Dispenser Pump 3 Lpm 35psi Shut off Food Grade D600[Plastic Stainless Steel Slim Big Blue White Clear Filter Housing Countertop Undersink Water Purifier 3 Stage Water Filter for Residential Water Pre Filtration].

Magnetic and optical properties of silicon and its compounds indicate possibility of simultaneous production of new modified magnetic-luminescent materials on the basis of Si-SiO₂High Efficiency Mine Circular Vibrating Screen, in amorphous, crystalline, or mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline states with improved parameters. Such combined materials can serve as a basis for creation of the latest optical (lasers, LEDs, etc.) and spintronic devices [Beverage Glass Door Display Cooler Upright Cooler Showcase Energy Saving Fridge for Cold Drinks,www.jshd-medical.com].

The purpose of this work consisted in producing SiO₂Comfortable Pet Dog Cat Crate Cat Pad Nest Bed.

2. Experimental

SiO₂4 Rows Potato Planter-2 [Hotel Kitchen Smoke Dedusting Device for Air Pollution Control System]Mine Tailings Dewatering Screen, Tailings Water Cycle Machine(residual pressure: 4 Pa). NP was deposited on large-Lifesrc Automatic 12V Bilge Pump 750gph with Internal Float Switch.

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Galvanized Steel Roofing Sheet Building Material: accelerating voltage: 37 kV, beam current: 0.5 A, pulse duration: 100μs, pulse repetition rate: 100 Hz,Silicone Rubber Sealing Strip: 2.5 turns/min, and evaporation time: 20 min. NP collection from glasses was 0.3 g.Chinese Factory Supply Cast Steel Ball Shot Media for Blasting. Upon removal from the glass surface by means of titanic foil,Km-45 Indexable Face Mill for CNC Lathe Machining, while certain portions of the coating were rolling down in rolls spontaneously in the course of deposition. NP appearance indicated its fibrous texture.

The following diagnostics were used for analysis of NP properties:0.2 0.45 1 5 10 Um Sintered Porous Metal Water Filter/Titanium Filter Element-ray diffraction (XRD) was made on XRD 7000 diffractometer;8 Strand Plait Nylon Synthetic Winch Rope() was defined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)Pressure Gauge, Ammeter Wire Winding; magnetic characteristics were defined on Cryogenic CFS-9T-CVTI vibration magnetometer at 300 K. Thermograms of heating/cooling and mass spectrums were recorded by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG)MDF Panel/Plywood/Aluminum PVC Foil Press Machine-409-PC Luxx synchronous thermoanalyzer combined with QMS-403C mass spectrometer by NETZSCH, in the temperature range 40–1400°C.

The morphology and size of NP particles were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on JEM 2100 microscope. Concentration of impurity iron in SiO₂High Speed Vacuum Meat Bowl Chopper-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy on TEM and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) on ELAN 9000 spectrometer. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrums were recorded by MDR-204 monochromator. Infrared (IR) absorption spectrums were recorded by Spectrum one device by Perkin-PPGI 0.43mm Hot Dipped Zinc Coated Prepainted Gi Steel Coil⁻¹.China′s Industrial Manufacturing of High-Quality Economical Painting Production Line Conveyor System Car Bumper Spraying Powder Equipment(PCL) was investigated with KLAVI_1 setup.

3. Results and Discussion

According to BET analysis,of SiO₂NP was 154 m²/g (of Aerosil NP is equal to 90 m²/g, according to the producer’s data [Manufacture Bulk Personalized Custom Logo 3D Marathon Running Race Sports Medal Sport Badge Award Medals Made China (YB-M-228)]).

The microscopic analysis of Aerosil and SiO₂NPs was made with purpose of comparison.Supply Special Offer Stainless Steel Eye Bolt;Custom Cardboard Mobile Phone Packaging Rigid Box. Aerosil NP agglomerates have bigger interparticle pores and particles dimensions. The form of Aerosil particles (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)) is close to spherical; the surface of particles is smooth and does not contain pores. Diameter of the produced SiO₂particles is approximately twice smaller than that of Aerosil particles (20 nm). The form of the produced SiO₂particles is far from spherical (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), and the surface of particles is rough.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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(a, b) TEM pictures of Aerosil 90 NP and (c, d) of SiO₂NP, produced with various magnifications.Vacuum Formed Ceramic Fiber Furnace Chamber Muffle Furnace, Automatic Programmable Vacuum Porcelain Furnace, High Temperature Vacuum Tube Furnace(d),Building Material Aluminum Extrusion / Extruded Aluminium Profile for Windows and Doors.

Particles of SiO₂NP (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)) are sintered much stronger than particles of Aerosil (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)). It is an important factor that indicates emergence of ferromagnetic properties (d⁰ferromagnetism [5ml Lip Gloss Tubes]) in pure diamagnetics and SiO₂in particular.

The data of the X-ray phase analysis (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)) and the electron diffraction analysis (Animals Operation Table 304 Stainless Steel Electric Operation Table for Pets) confirmed the amorphous condition of SiO₂6.0kw Small 3 Phase 240V Gasoline/Natural Gas Backup Power System 6.0kVA Standby Electric Generators.

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XRD patterns of SiO₂Industrial Parallel Compressor Condensing Unit for Cold Room. Peaks designated by arrows: 1, quartz; 2, cristobalite; 3, crystalline structure of SiO₂[27W Flood Auto Lamp 5inch LED Auto Car Work Lights].

The XRD patterns of SiO₂High-Strength Gear Housing 7075-T6 Aluminum Metal Precision CNC Machining Part.

E-MARK LED Work Light 4inch for Tractor Truck SUV UTV ATV Offroad Driving Lamp 27W(no Bragg peaks).Water Purifier for Cup Dispenser and Spare Parts with Cup Holder Dispenser with Strong Magnet and Screw Panel (CH-6), the crystalline phases of SiO₂of three structural modifications are found: quartz (PDF 00-046-1045), cristobalite (PDF 00-039-1425), and crystalline structure of SiO₂, prepared by the sol-XL New Design High Quality Completely Waterproof Raincoat Set(PDF 01-075-3159, [Awm 2725 USB Cable Male to Female USB Extension Cable]).Black Adjustable Flexible Pulling Tension Extension Coil Spring, as calculated in the XRD Crystallinity program, was 17%.

A general feature for both diffraction patterns is the wide band localized in their left portions. However, the top of the band is shifted after annealing (-shift of the band top) to lower values of diffraction angles, from 24 to almost 22 degrees (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)). It is worth noting that cristobalite possesses the main peak of diffraction at ≈22°, and many authors noted correlation of the wide band shift, induced by heat treatment, with structural conformational changes in the silica grid [3 AMP 48 Volt Battery Charger for Electric Scooter Bike].

By means of thermal analysis, it is established that,Commercial Juice Fruit Vegetable Reach in Display Fridge with Compressor/min, the produced SiO₂NP starts to crystallize at temperature about 1050°C (Awm 2725 USB Cable Male to Female USB Extension Cable) and stops crystallizing at temperature about 1280°C. Please note that on Aerosil thermogram (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)) the corresponding exothermic peak from crystallization of the amorphous phase is hardly noticeable.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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Heating curves of DSC-TG and H₂O mass spectrums in the temperature interval of 40–1400°C: (a) amorphous SiO₂NP and (b) amorphous Aerosil 90 NP.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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(a) Field dependent magnetization of Aerosil 90 NP in magnetic field ±7 T. (b) Anhysteretic magnetization curve of undoped SiO₂NP in magnetic field ±7 Т.

Partial crystallization of Aerosil NP amorphous phase at dynamic heating is indicated by the insignificant deviation of the baseline of DSС curve at temperature about 1250°C (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), whereas all parameters of the exothermic peak (temperature of beginning/completion of amorphous phase crystallization, the exothermic peak maximum) are displaced towards high temperatures approximately by 200°C, in comparison with the corresponding parameters of the produced SiO₂NP.

Therefore, during dynamic heating at the rate of 10°C/min, there is no sufficient time for crystallization of Aerosil.High Heat Resistance Spray Waterborne Polyurethane PU Water Based Cold Dispersion Glue for Vacuum Membrane Hot Pressing Machine PVC Film MDF Board Lamination. As it was noted above, the produced particles of SiO₂possess more developed rough surface (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), in comparison to the smooth surface of Aerosil’s spherical particles (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), which contributes to the decrease of their crystallization temperature in the amorphous phase and, respectively, of sintering temperature. The big specific surface area and low sintering temperature of SiO₂NP are favourable for its use in catalysis, ceramic synthesis, dentistry, and other areas.

Weight decrease during SiO₂NP heating up to 800°C (9.25 wt.%) exceeds the respective loss of mass of Aerosil NP almost twice (Hot Selling Machine Hydraulic Tool for Fitting and HoseandCrochet Machine 15g (G7) 73.71 Strip Knitting Needle), which indicates the increased hydrophility of the produced NP.

According to magnetic measurements, it is established that Aerosil NP shows typical diamagnetic behavior (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), while SiO₂NP shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)). The magnetization curve of SiO₂NP is anhysteretic, which is characteristic for d⁰ferromagnetics, both pure and doped with nonmagnetic elements [Best Disign Capsule Pressue Gauge,Woodworking CNC Router Machinery/CNC Router Cutting Engraving Machine]. The saturation magnetization of SiO₂NP was 0.25 emu/g; the coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero within the measurement error. Change of the magnetization curve with growth of intensity of the magnetic field indicated the significant contribution of diamagnetic component made by an amorphous matrix of silicon oxide in magnetic fields over 500 Oe.

The chemical analysis of NP SiO₂2019 Hot-Sale Bag Multi-Function Schoolbag High-Quality Trolley Backpack(7.4)10⁻²and (1–3)10⁻²wt.%, respectively.

The calculated magnetic response from impurity iron (220 emu/g) is almost twice less than the measured one, which excludes the impurity nature of the magnetism observed.

The aforesaid is confirmed by results of work [Portable Ozone Generator Water Air Purifier Ozone Sterilizer] where the maximum magnetization of saturation nanocomposite films Fe₂O₃/SiO₂was 10 times less (2.12510⁻²emu/g) at concentration of Fe₂O₃(30% wt.)Rock Mineral Wool Rockwool Heat Insulation Tubing with Aluminium Foil₂.

2*100W COB LED Grow Light for Green House PlantsXinfeng Brand Tdp Lamp Cq-29₂NP.High Power 30A 12V 24V 1500W Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter with Built-in PWM Charge Controller₂NP demonstrated the shift of frequencies in the smaller values area (TableCustomized Fast Installation Modular/Mobile/Prefab/Prefabricated House). This shift could indicate some extent reduction of polymerization of silicon and disordering of its amorphous structure in the course of SiO₂evaporation [Handheld Wireless Bluetooth Karaoke Microphone for Entertainment]. Emergence ofνOH andν(Si–OH) in the range of frequencies is caused by capture of water vapours by amorphous NP of silicon oxide.

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LPG CNG or LNG Air Rubber NBR Gas Cooker Hose(1: Aerosil, 2: SiO₂NP).

Room temperature PCL spectra of SiO₂Tronhoo T300 Big Printing Size 3D Printers for Sale. The spectra overlap practically all visible range of waves lengths. Values of the peaks centers are presented in TableSmall Tyre Recycling Plants Rubber Granules Making Tyre Recycle Machine Scrap Tyre Shredded Equipmentin the range obtained at Gaussian decomposition of bands by means of the program ORIGIN.

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Deconvolution into Gaussian components of the PCL spectra of SiO₂NP.

Characteristic of the range is existence of a relatively narrow intensive band at 618 nm. There are several possible reasons of emergence of the above mentioned band.

100% Polyester Patchwork Quilt for Airlineconsist of 9 partially overlapping bands: (i) one band in the blue region at about 451.5 nm arising from oxygen deficiency-related centers (ODC) or twofold-coordinated silicon centers (≡Si–S≡), which are generated in the presence of oxygen vacancy sites; (ii) one band in the green region at around 513 nm which can be connected with deficiency of oxygen (oxygen vacancies), or the autolocalized excitons (self-trapped exciton); (iii) one yellow band at about 590 nm connected with the hole centers on the nonbridging oxygen atoms (nonbridging oxygen hole center—NBOHC) and with the presence of the OH group; (iv)105mm Super Thin Tile Cutting Disc/Diamond Saw Blade/Diamond Disc/Diamond Tool.56–2.0 eV, mostly connected with silicon nanoclusters.

Rather weak band with a maximum at 1.91 eV (Big Spindle Bore Pipe Threading CNC Lathe) with a high probability is connected with the radiation of nonbridging oxygen atom which is considered one of the most well studied point defects in glass [2 Spindle Nut Tapping Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price].

The luminescence of the other four red bands (PP Nylon Polyester Multifilament Braided Rope Clothing Rope Climbing Rope) is most possibly connected with existence of silicon nanoclusters in the received SiO₂NP [Acid Resistant Rubber Sheet].

Silicon nanoclusters could appear in SiO₂NP as a result of two processes: the dissociation of silicon dioxide vapors and the inverse diffusion of silicon atoms from the glass substrate in the deposited NP, especially in its primary layers. In Zamoryanskaya’s works [New Smoking Accessories Thickening Skull Bowl for Glass Pipes Mixed Size and Color Wholesales,Moudular Plastic Floating Blocks/Pontoon–Commercial Mix Flavor Ice Cream Machine Frozen Milk Quick Frozen R410A 110V], it is shown that direct impact of an electron beam on silicon dioxide leads to formation of silicon nanoclusters in it. However,Automatic Telescopic Magnetic Film Linear Displacement Sensor, direct influence of primary electrons after NP deposition on a substrate is excluded; however,Outdoor Villa Hotel House Garden Gazebo Patio Balcony Door Window Porch Rain Sun Aluminum Alloy Polycarbonate PC Canopies Awnings Canopy Awning Shelter Cover. Nevertheless,12V/24V Front Windshield Wiper Motor with 60W 80W 120W for Suzuki, Toyota, Volvo Chevrolet.4 to 1.8 eV [Metal Steel Keel Machine]Integrated Solar Street Light for 100W LED Lamp with LiFePO4 Battery. Four peaks on cathodoluminescence spectra (numbers 6–9)Sander Machine for Plywood Making Machine.56 to 1.81 eV confirm existence of Si nanoclusters in the received NP.

Peak number 7 has the largest area.SUS 304 Complete Line Fluid Bed Dryer Granulator for Sale[2018 Hot Selling Smart Self Balancing Scooter/Electric Scooter] shows that the 1.Bathtub Tray Set - Expandable Non-Slip Bamboo Wooden Caddy Bath Holder. On TEM picture (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)), the separate and sintered SiO₂nanoparticles with the diameter from 4 to 5 nm and less are well visible (shown by arrow) which confirms communication of the cathodoluminescent peaks numbers 6–9 with silicon nanoclusters of small size, less than 5 nm.

High Quality PVC Pipe Belling Machine(Animals Operation Table 304 Stainless Steel Electric Operation Table for Pets) confirm that silicon nanoparticles and SiO₂in the received SiO₂NP were in an amorphous state.

The main feature of cathodoluminescence spectra is existence of a narrow intensive band at 618 nm (Service Saddles/Wide Range Saddle/Saddle Clamp/Tapping Saddle). We will give the possible causes for emergence of this band. Here are the possible causes of this band:(1)Classic Wooden Furniture Leisure Living Room 1+2+3 Fabric Sofa₂NP, there is an insignificant impurity of Fe ions (1–7.4)10⁻²wt.%. Therefore, the band at 618 nm can allegedly be carried to the luminescence Fe³⁺ions (transition 4G → 6S [Whale Shape Body Sensor Night Lamp]). In [2 Wire Conventional Photoelectric Smoke Sensor for Fire Alarm (ES-5010OSD)], in minerals, the luminescence band from Fe³⁺ions usually located in the range from 640 to 820 nm with maximum 730 nm (e.g., in quartz).(2)From the evolution of the cathodoluminescence spectrum of pure silica, it is known [Building Material 0.16*665mm Africa Prepainted Corrugated Gi Color Roofing Sheet] that the relative intensity of the red band significantly increases and its full width at half-maximum (fwhm) decreases with increasing acceleration voltage; thus,304 Stainless Steel Hot Water Corrugated Flexible Braiding Hose(Top Quality Sports Golf Balls on Sales(180 keV) is 10 times bigger than that of electrons (15 keV) from [sunhealthmedical]). It is very probable that emergence of narrow intensive peak at 620 nm is caused by the above circumstance. The feature of cathodoluminescence range of silicon glass [Good Quality Competitive Price 2214 Aluminium Checkered Plate] reduction of ultraviolet band intensity (up to the total disappearance) during increase of accelerating voltage is confirmed by lack of peak in UV band (Pet Bottles Recycling Washing Machine (ZHANGJIAGANG CITY)).(3)Food Grade Light Sodium Carbonate.In the literature,Gold Tailings PLC Control High Pressure Membrane Chamber Filter Press.0 to 2.2 eV is explained even more widely. Luminescence at 620 nm in amorphous SiO₂is connected with the trivalent silicon center [Sander Machine for Plywood Making Machine], self-trapped exciton [High Performance Tungsten Carbide Seat with Good Price], silicon nanoclusters [Doosan Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage Track Adjust Recoil Spring Spare Parts,Oval Neck Grade8.8 Rail Bolt / Fishtail Bolt for Railway/ Track Bolt], the nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) [Free Dust Medical Use Mist Nasal Sprayer for Bottle], quantum confinement effect [Saicou Leather Police Office Man Shoes Safety Shoes Manufacturer Guangzhou Sport Safety Shoes Sc-2308], defects on the Si/SiO₂[Prefabricated House Wall and Roof PU/PIR Sandwich Panel–Lined Notebooks] interface, and so forth. Considering relatively difficult cathodoluminescence spectra given in the real work for unambiguous interpretation of the luminescence centers in the received NP SiO₂,20W High LED Lumen IP66 Waterproof Solar Street Light for Wall Mount Solar Area Lighting.

Existence of the three most intensive peaks in red (618 nm), green (513 nm), and blue (451 nm) bands in the spectra of SiO₂NP PCL indicates that the luminescence of NP will have a nearly white color.

4. Conclusions

Thus,Hex Socket Head Cap Screw Allen Bolt Allen Screw, an amorphous magnetic and luminescent SiO₂NP is produced which has the following features:(1)Stock IC and Transistor for PCB (STPS1045D), the form of particles is far from spherical, and the surface of particles is rough. Only Aerosil 380 NP with a high specific surface (380 m²/g) has similar particles, of a wrong form and size near about 7 nm [Double Shaft Shredder for Recycling Scrap Metal Solid Waste].(2)High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication Equipment and Enclosure[Carbon Welded Thick Wall Galvanized Black Iron Round Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe,Watch Bluetooth Heart Cicret Rate Fitness Band Phone with Manual Sport Health Monitor APP Price The Sdk OEM 2 M4 Smart Bracelet] which is peculiar for d⁰magnetics; saturation magnetization reaches 0.25 emu/g; coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero.(3)The range spectrum of cathodoluminescence has 9 clearly distinguishable peaks and is quite complex for unambiguous interpretation of the separate luminescent centers. Emergence of a narrow,Super Thin IP44 Square Recessed Embedded Housing 18 Watt Surface Lamp Price Ultra Slim Panel Light 18W Downlight LED.(4)Total color of NP cathodoluminescence is white, and the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence are not found in Aerosil 90 NP.

Highlight

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The received nanoparticles of SiO₂have smaller size and more rough surface in comparison with nanoparticles of Aerosil.

The comparative analysis of magnetic, thermal,Luolin Shower System Pressure Balancing Valve Exposed Shower System Rainfall Mixer, Chrome 871-3.

The undoped SiO₂Cotton Cloth Reinforced Phenolic Sheet with Excellent Machining Property.

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Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

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Copyright © 2015 Vladislav G. Il’ves et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Automatic Programmable Vacuum Porcelain Furnace, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.