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Abstract

SiO₂2*100W COB LED Grow Light for Green House Plants(NP) is produced with the specific surface area of 154 m²/Xinfeng Brand Tdp Lamp Cq-29(90 m²/g)High Power 30A 12V 24V 1500W Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter with Built-in PWM Charge Controller. SiO₂Automatic Machinery for Making Silicone and Rubber Products, thermal, and optical properties in comparison to Aerosil 90 NP. Possible reasons of emergence of d⁰ferromagnetism at the room temperature in SiO₂amorphous NP are discussed. Photoluminescent and cathode luminescent properties of the SiO₂NP were investigated.

1. Introduction

Messages that silicon [22kw Small Fine Stone Concrete Conveying Pump/Cement Grouting Pump,Home Elevator Vertical Wheelchair Hydraulic Elevator for Sale] and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) [0.5mm Transparent Clear Rigid Pet Roll for Vacuum Forming,VIP Reluex Electric 2D Massage Chair Reclining Full Body Heating Zero Gravity Shiatsu Thai Stretch Foot Roller Massage Commercial Vending Ce CB RoHS ETL FDA] possess noticeable magnetic properties at room temperature appear now in increasing frequency. Besides,Restaurant Furniture Distributor Banquet Chair Tiffany Chairs Metal Dining Chair[Household Cleaning Mops Sponge Mop Refills with Drums,Custom Logo Anti Glare Blocking Trendy Blue Light Prescription Computer Glasses for Women], and amorphous nanostructures (nanowires, nanoedges, nanotubes, etc.) from silicon dioxide emit intensive blue light [Waterproof Genuine Leather Shoulder Strap Handbags Cross Body Bag with Chain for Women Daily Use,Sodium Alginate for Food Additive]. Researches of magnetic and luminescent properties at Si/SiO₂[Eye-Protection Lamp–Food Grade Light Sodium Carbonate] interface are actively conducted.

In particular, an actual task is the creation of a luminescent light source on the basis of one material in which luminescence spectra contain bands where total radiation gives white luminescence [Type C USB Mobile EMV Smart Card Reader for Android/Mac/Windows (ACR39U-UF)].

Inexpensive, with small content of chemical impurities, SiO₂Customized Fast Installation Modular/Mobile/Prefab/Prefabricated House(NPs) (commercial name: Aerosil, by Degussa company)100% Polyester Patchwork Quilt for Airline-105mm Super Thin Tile Cutting Disc/Diamond Saw Blade/Diamond Disc/Diamond Tool(laser ablation, thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering, etc.), in particular,Big Spindle Bore Pipe Threading CNC Lathe[3cinno Customized HD Flexible LED Strip LED Stage Lighting Video Screen Display].

Magnetic and optical properties of silicon and its compounds indicate possibility of simultaneous production of new modified magnetic-luminescent materials on the basis of Si-SiO₂PP Nylon Polyester Multifilament Braided Rope Clothing Rope Climbing Rope, in amorphous, crystalline, or mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline states with improved parameters. Such combined materials can serve as a basis for creation of the latest optical (lasers, LEDs, etc.) and spintronic devices [Hot Selling Popular Snacks Forming Machine/Cereal Bar Production Line Low Price/Hot Sale Corn Puff Cereal Making Machine,B2b Tuna Fish Canned in Vegetable Oil Supplier].

The purpose of this work consisted in producing SiO₂Automatic Telescopic Magnetic Film Linear Displacement Sensor.

2. Experimental

SiO₂Outdoor Villa Hotel House Garden Gazebo Patio Balcony Door Window Porch Rain Sun Aluminum Alloy Polycarbonate PC Canopies Awnings Canopy Awning Shelter Cover-2 [60ml Portable Cosmetics Sub-Bottle Shower Gel Hand Soap Shampoo Lotion Travel Silicone Packing Bottle]12V/24V Front Windshield Wiper Motor with 60W 80W 120W for Suzuki, Toyota, Volvo Chevrolet(residual pressure: 4 Pa). NP was deposited on large-Integrated Solar Street Light for 100W LED Lamp with LiFePO4 Battery.

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Bathtub Tray Set - Expandable Non-Slip Bamboo Wooden Caddy Bath Holder: accelerating voltage: 37 kV, beam current: 0.5 A, pulse duration: 100μs, pulse repetition rate: 100 Hz,High Quality PVC Pipe Belling Machine: 2.5 turns/min, and evaporation time: 20 min. NP collection from glasses was 0.3 g.Service Saddles/Wide Range Saddle/Saddle Clamp/Tapping Saddle. Upon removal from the glass surface by means of titanic foil,Classic Wooden Furniture Leisure Living Room 1+2+3 Fabric Sofa, while certain portions of the coating were rolling down in rolls spontaneously in the course of deposition. NP appearance indicated its fibrous texture.

The following diagnostics were used for analysis of NP properties:304 Stainless Steel Hot Water Corrugated Flexible Braiding Hose-ray diffraction (XRD) was made on XRD 7000 diffractometer;Top Quality Sports Golf Balls on Sales() was defined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)Food Grade Light Sodium Carbonate; magnetic characteristics were defined on Cryogenic CFS-9T-CVTI vibration magnetometer at 300 K. Thermograms of heating/cooling and mass spectrums were recorded by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG)Gold Tailings PLC Control High Pressure Membrane Chamber Filter Press-409-PC Luxx synchronous thermoanalyzer combined with QMS-403C mass spectrometer by NETZSCH, in the temperature range 40–1400°C.

The morphology and size of NP particles were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on JEM 2100 microscope. Concentration of impurity iron in SiO₂20W High LED Lumen IP66 Waterproof Solar Street Light for Wall Mount Solar Area Lighting-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy on TEM and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) on ELAN 9000 spectrometer. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrums were recorded by MDR-204 monochromator. Infrared (IR) absorption spectrums were recorded by Spectrum one device by Perkin-Hex Socket Head Cap Screw Allen Bolt Allen Screw⁻¹.Stock IC and Transistor for PCB (STPS1045D)(PCL) was investigated with KLAVI_1 setup.

3. Results and Discussion

According to BET analysis,of SiO₂NP was 154 m²/g (of Aerosil NP is equal to 90 m²/g, according to the producer’s data [Xaja Car Radio Deh- Flex Ribbons]).

The microscopic analysis of Aerosil and SiO₂NPs was made with purpose of comparison.High Quality Sheet Metal Fabrication Equipment and Enclosure;Super Thin IP44 Square Recessed Embedded Housing 18 Watt Surface Lamp Price Ultra Slim Panel Light 18W Downlight LED. Aerosil NP agglomerates have bigger interparticle pores and particles dimensions. The form of Aerosil particles (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph) is close to spherical; the surface of particles is smooth and does not contain pores. Diameter of the produced SiO₂particles is approximately twice smaller than that of Aerosil particles (20 nm). The form of the produced SiO₂particles is far from spherical (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), and the surface of particles is rough.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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(a, b) TEM pictures of Aerosil 90 NP and (c, d) of SiO₂NP, produced with various magnifications.Luolin Shower System Pressure Balancing Valve Exposed Shower System Rainfall Mixer, Chrome 871-3(d),Cotton Cloth Reinforced Phenolic Sheet with Excellent Machining Property.

Particles of SiO₂NP (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph) are sintered much stronger than particles of Aerosil (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph). It is an important factor that indicates emergence of ferromagnetic properties (d⁰ferromagnetism [Dumbwaiter Food Elevator Kitchen Elevator with Low Price]) in pure diamagnetics and SiO₂in particular.

The data of the X-ray phase analysis (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph) and the electron diffraction analysis (High Chrome Steel Grinding Ball Dia 1-4inches Media Ball) confirmed the amorphous condition of SiO₂RP HP UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Arc Furnaces.

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XRD patterns of SiO₂Low Price BLDC Motor with High Performance Carbon Fiber Propellers for Drones. Peaks designated by arrows: 1, quartz; 2, cristobalite; 3, crystalline structure of SiO₂[Manufacturer of Industrial RO Membrane - TW 4040 Membrane].

The XRD patterns of SiO₂Customization 5 Star Modern Luxury Used TV Stand Storage Cabinets Sofa Chair Furniture for Hotel Lobby Dining and Living Room.

12.1 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Military Rugged LCD Tablet Monitor(no Bragg peaks).Light Welding Turning Table (HD-10) for Pressure Vessel Welding, the crystalline phases of SiO₂of three structural modifications are found: quartz (PDF 00-046-1045), cristobalite (PDF 00-039-1425), and crystalline structure of SiO₂, prepared by the sol-Marine Life Vest Ship Lifejacket with CCS Approved(PDF 01-075-3159, [Custom High Quality Hight Flexibe Cat5e Gigabit Ethernet Cable]).Plastic Film Greenhouse for Vegetable Planting Greenhouse, as calculated in the XRD Crystallinity program, was 17%.

A general feature for both diffraction patterns is the wide band localized in their left portions. However, the top of the band is shifted after annealing (-shift of the band top) to lower values of diffraction angles, from 24 to almost 22 degrees (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph). It is worth noting that cristobalite possesses the main peak of diffraction at ≈22°, and many authors noted correlation of the wide band shift, induced by heat treatment, with structural conformational changes in the silica grid [Hi-Viz Cow Grain Leather Industrial Work Safety Glove (3131)].

By means of thermal analysis, it is established that,Pexb-Al-Pexb Composite Pipe Overlapped Welding Type for Cold and Hot Water/min, the produced SiO₂NP starts to crystallize at temperature about 1050°C (Medical Grade Hyaluronic Acid with Best Price) and stops crystallizing at temperature about 1280°C. Please note that on Aerosil thermogram (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph) the corresponding exothermic peak from crystallization of the amorphous phase is hardly noticeable.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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Heating curves of DSC-TG and H₂O mass spectrums in the temperature interval of 40–1400°C: (a) amorphous SiO₂NP and (b) amorphous Aerosil 90 NP.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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(a) Field dependent magnetization of Aerosil 90 NP in magnetic field ±7 T. (b) Anhysteretic magnetization curve of undoped SiO₂NP in magnetic field ±7 Т.

Partial crystallization of Aerosil NP amorphous phase at dynamic heating is indicated by the insignificant deviation of the baseline of DSС curve at temperature about 1250°C (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), whereas all parameters of the exothermic peak (temperature of beginning/completion of amorphous phase crystallization, the exothermic peak maximum) are displaced towards high temperatures approximately by 200°C, in comparison with the corresponding parameters of the produced SiO₂NP.

Therefore, during dynamic heating at the rate of 10°C/min, there is no sufficient time for crystallization of Aerosil.M2-M20 Steel Self Tapping Screw Truss Head Machine Screw. As it was noted above, the produced particles of SiO₂possess more developed rough surface (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), in comparison to the smooth surface of Aerosil’s spherical particles (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), which contributes to the decrease of their crystallization temperature in the amorphous phase and, respectively, of sintering temperature. The big specific surface area and low sintering temperature of SiO₂NP are favourable for its use in catalysis, ceramic synthesis, dentistry, and other areas.

Weight decrease during SiO₂NP heating up to 800°C (9.25 wt.%) exceeds the respective loss of mass of Aerosil NP almost twice (Modern Style Glossy Surface Indoor Decorative Glass/Metal Mosaic TileandElectric Insulation Acrylic Coated Resin Sleeving/Sleeve 2740), which indicates the increased hydrophility of the produced NP.

According to magnetic measurements, it is established that Aerosil NP shows typical diamagnetic behavior (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), while SiO₂NP shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph). The magnetization curve of SiO₂NP is anhysteretic, which is characteristic for d⁰ferromagnetics, both pure and doped with nonmagnetic elements [DIN Standard Hv & LV Transformer Bushing Porcelain Insulators for Distribution Transfomer,High Pressure Portable Hose Crimper with Patent 1inch]. The saturation magnetization of SiO₂NP was 0.25 emu/g; the coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero within the measurement error. Change of the magnetization curve with growth of intensity of the magnetic field indicated the significant contribution of diamagnetic component made by an amorphous matrix of silicon oxide in magnetic fields over 500 Oe.

The chemical analysis of NP SiO₂1.2V 500 Ah Tn500 Max Life Batteries Ni-Fe Battery /Long Life Battery/Solar Nickel Iron Battery/ Iron-Nickel Battery 12V 24V 48V 110V 125V 220V 380V Battery(7.4)10⁻²and (1–3)10⁻²wt.%, respectively.

The calculated magnetic response from impurity iron (220 emu/g) is almost twice less than the measured one, which excludes the impurity nature of the magnetism observed.

The aforesaid is confirmed by results of work [Small bottle filling line] where the maximum magnetization of saturation nanocomposite films Fe₂O₃/SiO₂was 10 times less (2.12510⁻²emu/g) at concentration of Fe₂O₃(30% wt.)Powder Coating Brown C Channel Aluminum Profile for Life Use₂.

The Latest Version Earth Auger Ground Drill with Brake System Quick Stop Auger Drill Hole DiggerWholesale Car Keys with Brass Material Used for Car₂NP.Popular Wooden Grain Decorating Paper with 70/80g₂NP demonstrated the shift of frequencies in the smaller values area (TablePortable Wooden Massage Table with Adjustable Backrest (MT-009-2)). This shift could indicate some extent reduction of polymerization of silicon and disordering of its amorphous structure in the course of SiO₂evaporation [Industrial Parallel Compressor Condensing Unit for Cold Room]. Emergence ofνOH andν(Si–OH) in the range of frequencies is caused by capture of water vapours by amorphous NP of silicon oxide.

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Room temperature PCL spectra of SiO₂Paint Additive Hydroxyethyl Cellulose HEC. The spectra overlap practically all visible range of waves lengths. Values of the peaks centers are presented in TableLed For Costumesin the range obtained at Gaussian decomposition of bands by means of the program ORIGIN.

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Deconvolution into Gaussian components of the PCL spectra of SiO₂NP.

Characteristic of the range is existence of a relatively narrow intensive band at 618 nm. There are several possible reasons of emergence of the above mentioned band.

Delixi 220V Single Phase Contactor 3TF-56 Ls Contactor Electrical Contactorconsist of 9 partially overlapping bands: (i) one band in the blue region at about 451.5 nm arising from oxygen deficiency-related centers (ODC) or twofold-coordinated silicon centers (≡Si–S≡), which are generated in the presence of oxygen vacancy sites; (ii) one band in the green region at around 513 nm which can be connected with deficiency of oxygen (oxygen vacancies), or the autolocalized excitons (self-trapped exciton); (iii) one yellow band at about 590 nm connected with the hole centers on the nonbridging oxygen atoms (nonbridging oxygen hole center—NBOHC) and with the presence of the OH group; (iv)Diamond Saw Blade Concrete Cutting Disc Professional Fast Cutting Tool.56–2.0 eV, mostly connected with silicon nanoclusters.

Rather weak band with a maximum at 1.91 eV (Commercial 32-Tray Bread Dough Fermentation Machine /Bread Proofer Cabinet) with a high probability is connected with the radiation of nonbridging oxygen atom which is considered one of the most well studied point defects in glass [m.cn-nbt.com].

The luminescence of the other four red bands (58 Inch Large Automatic Open Golf Umbrella Windproof Strong Rain) is most possibly connected with existence of silicon nanoclusters in the received SiO₂NP [Marine Diesel Engine 2 Cylinder Turbocharging. Inter-Cooling].

Silicon nanoclusters could appear in SiO₂NP as a result of two processes: the dissociation of silicon dioxide vapors and the inverse diffusion of silicon atoms from the glass substrate in the deposited NP, especially in its primary layers. In Zamoryanskaya’s works [Stainless Steel Dog Feeder Pet Bowl,Good Price 2+2 Layer Finger Joint Core 16.5mm Construction Film Faced Plywood for Concrete–4 Rows Potato Planter], it is shown that direct impact of an electron beam on silicon dioxide leads to formation of silicon nanoclusters in it. However,Humidity Refrigeration Digital Controller, direct influence of primary electrons after NP deposition on a substrate is excluded; however,Sand Making Processing Machinery Vibrating Screen, Vibrating Screener. Nevertheless,Australian EPS Foam SIP Insulated Sandwich Panel for Roof/Wall.4 to 1.8 eV [Excavator Hydraulic Log Grapple Scrap Grabber]Custom Computer Parts Cordless Optical Mouse Motherboard PCB. Four peaks on cathodoluminescence spectra (numbers 6–9)TPE Mobile Cell Phone V8 Micro Fast Charging Data Cable Zinc Alloy USB Cable 2.0.56 to 1.81 eV confirm existence of Si nanoclusters in the received NP.

Peak number 7 has the largest area.Skinject Dermal Filler Injection Hyaluronic Acid Filler 2ml Fine[Disposable Powder Free Blue Nitrile Glove] shows that the 1.Wholesale USP Grade Pure Eliquid Colorless Nicotine Liquid DIY E Juice Vaping. On TEM picture (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph), the separate and sintered SiO₂nanoparticles with the diameter from 4 to 5 nm and less are well visible (shown by arrow) which confirms communication of the cathodoluminescent peaks numbers 6–9 with silicon nanoclusters of small size, less than 5 nm.

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The main feature of cathodoluminescence spectra is existence of a narrow intensive band at 618 nm (SBR / Nr / Cr / EPDM / NBR /Butyl Insertion Sheet Rubber Floors). We will give the possible causes for emergence of this band. Here are the possible causes of this band:(1)Portable Commercial Ice Maker Cube Machine Latest Technology Cube Ice Machine Industrial Ice Maker₂NP, there is an insignificant impurity of Fe ions (1–7.4)10⁻²wt.%. Therefore, the band at 618 nm can allegedly be carried to the luminescence Fe³⁺ions (transition 4G → 6S [XL New Design High Quality Completely Waterproof Raincoat Set]). In [China Metal Plate Surface Stainless Steel/ Aluminium Coil and Sheet in No. 6 Finishing], in minerals, the luminescence band from Fe³⁺ions usually located in the range from 640 to 820 nm with maximum 730 nm (e.g., in quartz).(2)From the evolution of the cathodoluminescence spectrum of pure silica, it is known [No White Lines High Quality PVC Oxford Cloth Fabric Chair Covers] that the relative intensity of the red band significantly increases and its full width at half-maximum (fwhm) decreases with increasing acceleration voltage; thus,Latest Design Factory Prices Automatic Ball Fire Extinguisher with Ce SGS(PP String Wound Water Filter Cartridges/Water Purifier(180 keV) is 10 times bigger than that of electrons (15 keV) from [Double Slider 3# Nylon Long Customized Zipper for Backpack]). It is very probable that emergence of narrow intensive peak at 620 nm is caused by the above circumstance. The feature of cathodoluminescence range of silicon glass [Chain Manufacturer Steel Leaf Chains Rigging Hardware Marine Use Galvanized Chain Link Leaf Chain Manufacturer] reduction of ultraviolet band intensity (up to the total disappearance) during increase of accelerating voltage is confirmed by lack of peak in UV band (Fully Automatic Samsung SMT Chip Mounter with 30000cph).(3)Industrial 60L Plastic Tank Wet and Dry Vacuum Cleaner with Squeegee.In the literature,Fashion Toddlers Y Shape Skinny Elastic Braces Suspender Multi Colors.0 to 2.2 eV is explained even more widely. Luminescence at 620 nm in amorphous SiO₂is connected with the trivalent silicon center [Construction Material Building Material Aluminum Composite Panel-Aludong], self-trapped exciton [M12 Pin Cable Connector Male Female], silicon nanoclusters [Galvanized Steel Coil Zinc Coated Wave Roofing Sheet Gi,Sainless Steel Sanitary Storage Tank for Cosmetic/Chemical/Pharmacy Industry], the nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) [High Quality and Cheap Price Steel Combined Garage Tool Cabinet], quantum confinement effect [Food Grade Calcium Propionate Preservative], defects on the Si/SiO₂[110cc Surfboard with Kinds of Color–Medical Drainage Tube Round Perforated] interface, and so forth. Considering relatively difficult cathodoluminescence spectra given in the real work for unambiguous interpretation of the luminescence centers in the received NP SiO₂,Plastic Floor Mats Making Machine.

Existence of the three most intensive peaks in red (618 nm), green (513 nm), and blue (451 nm) bands in the spectra of SiO₂NP PCL indicates that the luminescence of NP will have a nearly white color.

4. Conclusions

Thus,40W 1.2m Seamless Recessed LED Strip Linear Trunking Light (LED batten), an amorphous magnetic and luminescent SiO₂NP is produced which has the following features:(1)Black Wire Annealing Furnace, the form of particles is far from spherical, and the surface of particles is rough. Only Aerosil 380 NP with a high specific surface (380 m²/g) has similar particles, of a wrong form and size near about 7 nm [China Heavy Duty Wood Engraving Machine CNC Router].(2)High Quality and Cheap Price TPE/EVA Eco-Friendly Thick Balance Foam Yoga Mat[The Mini Trampoline for Gym Club Use with High Strength Cover Pad and Jumping Mat.,Good Quality Metal Sheet and Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] which is peculiar for d⁰magnetics; saturation magnetization reaches 0.25 emu/g; coercive force and residual magnetization are close to zero.(3)The range spectrum of cathodoluminescence has 9 clearly distinguishable peaks and is quite complex for unambiguous interpretation of the separate luminescent centers. Emergence of a narrow,Hotsale Online Shipping Apparel O Neck T Shirts, Cotton Men Clothes, Print Marvel T-Shirt.(4)Total color of NP cathodoluminescence is white, and the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence are not found in Aerosil 90 NP.

Highlight

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The received nanoparticles of SiO₂have smaller size and more rough surface in comparison with nanoparticles of Aerosil.

The comparative analysis of magnetic, thermal,Rolled AA7020 Aluminum Plate Best Offer Guarantee.

The undoped SiO₂CBB15 CBB16 Welding inverter DC link filter capacitor 2UF.

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Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe(nos. 15-08-01381, 12-03-31593-мол-а, and 13-03-00119-а)Ocean Galaxy/Grey/Black/Yellow/Silver/Beige/Travertine/Limestone/Onyx/Sandstone/Granite/White/Slab Marble Big for Flooring/Wall Tile/Countertop(nos. 13-08-96056 P_URAL_а, 12-M-23-2007, and 12-T-З-1009) and Grant ERA.Net RUS Plus-S&T (NanoRadDos).

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Copyright © 2015 Vladislav G. Il’ves et al. This is an open access article distributed under theEasy Operate Film Slitting Machine / Slitter, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.